Stem cells are unique as they are capable of evolving into different other types of specialized cells with important functions in our body. Embryonic stem cells can develop into hundreds of specialized cells required in our organism, while adult stem cells are responsible for repair and regenerative functions. With their ability to repair, regenerate, and transform into other cell types, stem cells offer great potential as new candidates for medical therapies.

Plastic surgery focuses on the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It is usually divided into reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery, but plastic surgery as a whole allows for the improvement of a patient’s appearance and the reconstruction and improvement of facial and tissue defects caused by illness, trauma, or birth disorders. 

Biomaterial research combines medicine, biology, tissue engineering, and materials science. It comes in many forms, including heart valves, hip joint replacements, dental implants, or contact lenses. Products are designed to restore function and facilitate healing via supporting, enhancing, or replacing damaged tissue or a biological function. 

Research of cell functionality in aging revolves around identifying cell biological activities and processes and how to ensure constant functionality as we grow older. One hypothesis concerning the reason for natural aging is the increasing entropy of cells—a progression into non-functionality as a result of increasing degradation of its parts. Scientific evidence points towards aging being epigenetically regulated, with modification of the epigenetic signature increasing an organisms’ lifespan and aging rate through the control of cellular processes. 

Regenerative medicine is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the medical restoration or establishment of normal function. The potential applications of small molecule drugs in this context have been steadily increasing and include new and revolutionary cell therapy and tissue regeneration approaches.

Cancer biology research deals with the origin and growth of tumor cells. It involves studying the interplay of genes, proteins, and biological processes that drive their growth. It also involves DNA replication and repair of cells, cell signaling, cellular metabolism, and the interface of cells with their extracellular matrix. This branch typically deals with understanding how signaling pathways are rewired in cancerous cells and determining its effects on the behavior, shape, and metabolism of the cells